ELIZABETH II
(styled till 26 March 1953 ‘By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Queen, Defender of the Faith' and thereafter [exclusive to the United Kingdom; other Commonwealth countries of which HM is sovereign use different forms] ‘By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of her other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith') (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor) [Her Majesty The Queen, Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA; Windsor Castle, Berks SL4 1NJ; Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire AB35 5TB; Sandringham House, Norfolk PE35 6EN]; born at 17 Bruton Street, London W1, 21 April 1926; succeeded her father 6 February 1952, proclaimed Queen 8 February 1952, crowned Westminster Abbey 2 June 1953; declared in Council 9 April 1952 that She and her children shall be styled and known as the House and Family of Windsor and 8 Feb 1960 that Her descendants other than those enjoying the style, title or attribute of HRH and the titular dignity of Prince or Princess and female descendants who marry and their descendants shall bear the name Mountbatten-Windsor; Ld High Adml UK; Col-in-Ch: Blues and Royals (RHG and 1st Dragoons), Calgary Highrs, Canadian Forces Mil Engrs Branch, Life Gds, Roy Scots Dragoon Gds (Carabiniers and Greys), Queen's Roy Lancers, Roy Tank Regt, RE, Gren Gds (Col 1942–52), Coldstream Gds, Scots Gds, Irish Gds, Welsh Gds, Roy Welch Fusiliers, Queen's Lancs Regt, Argyll and Sutherland Highrs (Princess Louise's), RGJ, Adj-Gen Corps, Roy Mercian and Lancastrian Yeo, Corps of RMP, King's Own Calgary Regt, Roy 22e Regt, Govr-Gen's Foot Gds, Canadian Gren Gds, Le Régiment de la Chaudière, Roy New Brunswick Regt, 48th Highrs of Canada, Argyll and Sutherland Highrs of Canada (Princess Louise's), Roy Australian Engrs, Royal Australian Inf Corps, Roy Australian Army Ordnance Corps, Roy Australian Army Nursing Corps, Roy NZ Engrs, Roy NZ Inf Regt, Roy NZ Army Ordnance Corps, Malawi Rifles, Roy Malta Artillery; Capt-Gen: RA, HAC, CCF, Roy Canadian Artillery, Roy Regt Australian Artillery, Roy NZ Artillery, Roy NZ Armoured Corps; Air-C-in-C: RAuxAF, RAF Regt, ROC, RCAFAux, Australian Citizen Air Force, Territorial Air Force NZ; Hon Air Cdre RAF Marham; Cmdt-in-C RAF Coll Cranwell; Hon Commr RCMP; Master Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets; Head CD Corps; Sovereign all British Orders Knighthood, OM, Roy Order Victoria and Albert, Order Crown India, Order CH, DSO, ISO and OC; Sovereign Head: OStJ, OA, Queen's Serv Order NZ; Patron: BRC (and Pres), Grey Coat Hsp Westminster Tercentenary 1998, Guy's Hosp, Leonard Cheshire Fndn, RHS, Roy Norfolk Veterans' Assoc, St Loye's Coll Fndn Exeter, Scout Assoc, Shaftesbury Homes and ‘Arethusa', SPCK, WRVS, YHA; Freeman Drapers' Co; Hon BMus Lond 1946, FRS 1947, Hon DCL Oxon 1948, Hon LLD: Edin, London 1951, Hon MusD Wales 1949, Hon FRCS and FRCOG 1951, Freedom: Drapers' Co, Roy Borough Windsor 1947, Burgess: Roy Burgh Stirling, Cities of London 1948, Cardiff 1948, Edinburgh and Belfast 1949; 1947: Memb Imp Order Crown India, LG, DGStJ, Order Elephant Denmark; 1948: Grand Cordon Order El Kemal Egypt, Grand Cross Or Cordon Legn Hon; Order Ojaswi Rajanya Nepal 1949; Grand Cross Order Netherlands Lion 1950; 1953: Order Seraphim Sweden, Gold Collar Order Manuel Amador Guerrero Panama, Chain Order El-Hussein Ibn Ali Jordan; 1954: Grand Collar Order Idris I Libya, Chain and Collar Order Seal Solomon Ethiopia; 1955: Grand Cross with Chain St Olav Norway, Grand Sash and Cross Three Orders of Christ, Aviz and Santiago Portugal; Grand Order Hashimi with Chain Iraq 1956; 1958: Chev with Grand Cross and Grand Cordon Order Merit Italy, Special Grand Cross with Star Order Merit Fedl Republic Germany; 1960: Grand Cross with Diamonds Order Peruvian Sun, Nishan-i-Pakistan, Grand Collar Order Liberator General San Martin Argentina, Order Roy House Chakri Thailand; 1961: Mahendra Chain Nepal, Grand Collar Order Independence Tunisia, Collar Order White Rose Finland, Grand Cross Nat Order Senegal, Grand Cordon Order Knighthood Pioneers Liberia, Grand Cross Nat Order Ivory Coast; 1962: Collar and Grand Cordon Order Chrysanthemum Japan, Grand Band Order Star Africa Liberia; 1963: Grand Cross Ordre de la Valeur Camerounaise, Grand Cordon Order Leopold Belgium, Grand Cross Order Redeemer Greece, Grand Cross with Chain Order Falcon Iceland; Chain of Honour Sudan 1964; Grand Collar Order Merit Chile 1965; Grand Cordon Austrian Order Merit 1966; Grand Collar Order Southern Cross Brazil 1968; 1969: Grand Cdr National Order The Niger Nigeria, Order Al Nahayyan 1st Cl Abu Dhabi, Grand Cross Equatorial Star Gabon; Order Supreme Sun Afghanistan 1971; 1972: Order Golden Lion House of Nassau Luxembourg, Order Gt Yugoslav Star, Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara Malaysia, Order Temasek Singapore, Most Esteemed Family Order 1st Cl Darjah Kerabat Yan Amat Di-Homali Darjah Pertama Brunei, Distinguished Order Ghaazi Maldive Islands, Order Golden Heart Kenya; 1973: Grand Collar Nat Order Aztec Eagle Mexico, Grand Cordon Nat Order Leopard Zaire; 1974: Star Indonesia 1st Cl, Grand Cdr Order Republic Gambia; 1975: Chain Order Seraphim Sweden, Collar Order Nile Egypt; 1978: Order Star Socialist Republic Romania 1st Cl, Gt Collar Order S Tiago da Espada Portugal; 1979: Necklace Mubarak Al Kabir Kuwait, Order Khalifa Necklace Bahrain, Collar Order King Abdul Aziz Saudi Arabia, Collar Independence Qatar, Order Oman 1st Cl, Order Lion Malawi 1st Cl, Presidential Order Botswana, Collar Grand Cordon Order Knighthood Pioneers Liberia; 1980: Grand Cordon Order Republic Tunisia, Collier de la Classe Exceptionelle Order El Mohammedi Morocco; 1982: Order Al Said Oman, Order Solomon Islands 1st Cl; Sash and Badge Order Qeladet El Hussein Ibn Ali Jordan 1984; 1985: Award of Honour Dominica, Trinity Cross Medal Order of Trinity (TC) (Gold) Trinidad and Tobago; 1986: Collar Order of Carlos III Spain, Grand Order Mungunghwa Republic of Korea; Order Golden Fleece Spain 1988, 1989: Grand Star Nigeria, Chain of UAE; 1991: Grand Ribbon Order Merit Poland, Grand Cross Order Merit Hungary; 1992: Roy Family Order Sultan Brunei, Silver Jubilee Medal Brunei; 1993: Grand Collar Order Boyaca Colombia and Great Collar Military Order Tower and Sword S Africa; 1995: Order Mubarak al Kabeer Kuwait, Order Good Hope 1st Cl and Grand Cross (gold) S Africa; 1996: Order White Eagle Poland, Order White Lion Czech Republic; Order Merit Order of Grand Cross Peru 1998; married at Westminster Abbey 20 Nov 1947 her cousin •HRH PRINCE PHILIP MOUNTBATTEN previously BATTENBERG (see EDINBURGH, D), son of HRH PRINCE ANDREW OF GREECE by Lady (Victoria) Alice Elizabeth Julia Marie Mountbatten, elder daughter of 1st Marquess of Milford Haven (qv), and has issue (who by letters patent 22 Oct 1948 take the style ‘HRH' and titular dignity of Prince/Princess):

1a +CHARLES PHILIP ARTHUR GEORGE WINDSOR, PRINCE OF WALES (qv)

2a +ANDREW ALBERT CHRISTIAN EDWARD WINDSOR, 1st DUKE OF YORK (qv)

3a +EDWARD ANTONY RICHARD LOUIS (THE PRINCE EDWARD; qv)

1a +ANNE ELIZABETH ALICE LOUISE Windsor, THE PRINCESS ROYAL (qv)

Lineage of the House of Windsor:

GEORGE V
‘By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India', GEORGE FREDERICK ERNEST ALBERT (probably) WIPPER (but possibly WETTIN) later WINDSOR (to which changed 1917 on the advice of officials, the dominant influence among whom was Lord (1st and last Baron) Stamfordham (see 1931 edn), despite the existence of (a) the Earldom of Windsor as one of the subsidiary titles of the Marquess of Bute (qv) and (b) the Viscountcy of Windsor and (c) Barony of Windsor, both subsidiary titles of the Earls of Plymouth (qv), whose family name had been Windsor till 1833, after which it became Windsor-Clive), previously of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha but from 1917 of the House of Windsor, KG (1884), KT (1893), KP (1897), GCMG (1901, Grand Master 1905), GCSI (1905), GCIE (1905), GCVO (1897), ISO (1893), PC (GB 1894, I 1897), Roy Victorian Chain 1902; born at Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1, 3 June 1865 (baptised at Windsor Castle 7 July 1865); succeeded father 6 May 1910; RN: Cadet 1877, Midshipman 1880, Sub-Lt 1884, Lt 1885, Cdr 1891, Capt 1893, R-Adml 1901, V-Adml 1903, Adml 1907, Adml of the Fleet 1910, Adml Danish and Swedish Navies; Gen 1902, FM 1910, Personal ADC to TM QUEEN VICTORIA 1887–1901 and EDWARD VII 1901–10, Col-in-Ch: RM, Life Gds, RHG, 1st Roy Dragoons, 10th Roy Hus, Roy Regt Artillery, RE, Gren Gds, Coldstream Gds, Scots Gds, Irish Gds, Welsh Gds, King's Own Roy Regt, King's Regt, Roy Fus, Norfolk Regt, Roy Welch Fus, Black Watch, KRRC, Queen's Own Cameron Highrs, Roy Irish Fus, RTC, OTC, Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeo, Norfolk Yeo, Suffolk Yeo, 108th Field Bde, 8th Bn Hants Regt, Manchester Regt, W African Frontier Force, KAR, RFC and RAF (Ch RAF 1919) and (in the IA) Skinner's Horse, 8th King George's Own Light Cav, 18th King Edward's Own Cav, 5th King Edward's Own Probyn's Horse, 19th King George's Own Lancers, 21st King George's Own Centl India Horse, 1st Sappers and Miners, 11th Sikh Regt, 1st Madras Pioneers, 4th Bombay Grens, 10th Baluch Regt, 1st Gurkha Rifles, 2nd Gurkha Rifles, Capt-Gen and Hon Col HAC, Hon Col 3rd Bn W Yorks Regt, Roy Canadian Dragoons, 43rd Canadian Inf, Roy Malta Artillery, 8th (Zamora) Inf Regt Spain, Hon Memb HAC Massachusetts, FM Japanese Army; Bailiff Grand Cross OStJ, Kt: Golden Fleece Spain, St Andrew Russia, Elephant Denmark, Annunziata and Savoy Italy; Hon LLD: Cantab 1894, Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, McGill, Laval, Toronto and Queen's Coll Kingston (Ontario) 1901, U of Wales 1902, London 1903, Glasgow 1907, Hon DCL Oxon 1897, DLitt Sheffield 1909, Chllr Cape U 1901 and U of Wales 1902, Bencher Lincoln's Inn 1892 (Treas 1903), Er Bro Trin Ho, Ld Warden Cinque Ports and Constable Dover Castle 1905–07, Hon FRCS, Patron RCM and RAM, Ranger Windsor Gt Pk 1917; married at Chapel Royal St James's Palace 6 July 1893 his cousin HSH PRINCESS (VICTORIA) MARY (MAY) AUGUSTA LOUISA OLGA PAULINE CLAUDINE AGNES, KG (died 1953), only daughter of HH THE DUKE OF TECK, GCB, GCVO, by HRH PRINCESS MARY ADELAIDE WILHELMINA ELIZABETH, younger daughter of HRH 1st DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE (son of GEORGE III), and died at Sandringham 20 Jan 1936, having had:

1a EDWARD VIII (styled the same as his father), EDWARD (ALBERT CHRISTIAN GEORGE ANDREW PATRICK) DAVID WINDSOR, 20 Jan–10 Dec 1936 (when abdicated), 1st and last DUKE OF WINDSOR, so created 8 March 1937, KG (1910), KT (1922), KP (1927), GCB (1936), GCSI (1921), GCIE (1921), GCVO (1920), MC (1916), PC (UK 1920, Canada 1927), Roy Victorian Chain 1921; born at White Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey 23 June 1894; educ RNCs Osborne and Dartmouth and Magdalen Coll Oxford; RN: Midshipman 1911, Lt 1913, Capt 1919, Adml of the Fleet 1936; Army: joined 1st Bn Gren Gds Aug 1914, served WW I Flanders and Italy, ADC to C-in-C BEF 16 Nov 1914, Lt 18 Nov 1914, Capt 10 March 1916, Staff Capt, DAQMG and GSO(2) 14th Army Corps 1916, Hon Col 4th and 5th Bns Cheshire Regt, 5th Bn Devonshire Regt and 16th Bn London Regt 1917, T/Maj 1918, Personal ADC to his f 1919–36, Col 1919, Col Welsh Gds, FM 1936, Gen Japanese Army,
RAF: Gp Capt 1922, Marshal 1936, Hon Air Cdre-in-Ch RAuxAF 1932–36; Grand Master Orders St Michael and St George and Br Empire 1917–36, Chm Roy Patriotic Fund 1916, KJStJ 1917 (Bailiff Grand Cross 1926 and Prior Wales), High Steward: Windsor 1918 and Plymouth 1919, Govr and Pres Bart's Hosp, Govr Wellington Coll, Pres King Edward's Hosp Fund London, King Edward VII Hosp Fund for Offrs and RNLI, Grand Pres League Mercy, Er Bro Trin Ho, barrister and Bencher Middle Temple 1919, Chllr: U Wales 1920, Cape Town U 1925, Hon Pres Roy Statistical Soc 1921, Sr Grand Warden Utd Grand Lodge Freemasons 1922, Provincial Grand Master Surrey 1924, Grand Supt Roy Arch Masonry Surrey 1930, Pres Br Empire Exhibn 1924 and BA 1926, Tstee Br Museum and Nat Gallery, Patron Roy Africa Soc, Master Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets 1928–36, Ch Boy Scouts Wales, Hon LLD: Edinburgh, Toronto, Alberta and Queen's U Kingston (Ontario) 1919, Melbourne 1920, Cantab and Calcutta 1921, St Andrews and Hong Kong 1922, Witwatersrand 1925, Hon DCL Oxon, DSc and Hon MCom London, DLitt Benares 1921, Hon FRCP Edin and FRCS, FRS, Hon MICE and FRIBA, Order Golden Fleece Spain and Grand Cross Legn Hon 1912, Order Elephant Denmark and Grand Cross St Olav Norway 1914, Order Annunziata Italy and Croix de Guerre 1915, Orders St George Russia 1916 and Michael the Brave Romania 1918, War Merit Cross Italy 1919, Grand Cordon Mohamed Ali Egypt 1922, Collar Order Carol of Romania 1924, Chilean Order Merit 1st Cl 1925, Grand Collar Chilean Order Merit and Grand Cross Condor Andes 1931;
married at Château de Candé, Monts, France, 3 June 1937 (Bessie) Wallis (died at Paris 24 April 1986, buried at Frogmore), only daughter of Teakle Wallis Warfield, of Baltimore, MD, and formerly wife of (a) Earl Winfield Spencer and (b) Ernest Aldrich Simpson, and died without issue at Paris 28 May 1972 (buried at Frogmore), when the Dukedom expired.

2a GEORGE VI (styled the same as his father till 22 June 1948, when the title ‘Emperor of India' dropped), ALBERT (BERTIE) FREDERICK ARTHUR GEORGE WINDSOR, KG (1916), KT (1923), KP (1936), GCMG (1926), GCVO (1921), PC (1925), Roy Victorian Chain 1927; born at Sandringham 14 Dec 1895; succeeded brother 10 Dec 1936; crowned 12 May 1937; educated RNCs Osborne and Dartmouth; RN: Midshipman 1913, Actg Lt 1916 (served WW I, present Battle of Jutland 1916 (despatches)), Lt 1918, Cdr 1920, Capt 1925, V-Adml and Adml 1936, Adml of the Fleet 11 Dec 1936, Adml Sea Corps and Roy Canadian Sea Cadets, Hon Adml Danish Navy; Gen 1936, FM 11 Dec 1936, Personal ADC to his f 1919–36 and er bro 1936, Capt-Gen: RM, RAC and HAC; Col-in-Ch: Life Gds, RHG, 1st Roy Dragoons, RSG, 11th Hus, RTR, RRA, RE, Gren, Coldstream, Scots, Irish and Welsh Gds, Roy Norfolk Regt, Somerset LI, E Yorks Regt, Roy Welch Fus, Roy Berks Regt, KRRC, Queen's Own Cameron Highrs, Roy Malta Artillery, RAOC, Leics Yeo, Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeo, Trg Corps, ACF, (in Canadian Army) 7th Reconnaissance Regt, 17th Duke of York's Roy Canadian Hus, Roy Canadian Artillery, Corps of Roy Canadian Engrs, Roy 22e Regt, Roy Hamilton LI, Cameron Highrs of Ottawa, Winnipeg Grens, Govr-Gen's Foot Gds, Canadian Gren Gds, Roy Canadian Army Cadets, Australian Inf, RNZAC, RNZA, Auckland Regt, 1st Roy Natal Carbineers, 2nd Roy Natal Carbineers, Imp Light Horse, Kaffrarian Rifles, Transvaal Scottish, (in IA) 16th Light Cav, 1st Punjab Regt, 13th Frontier Force Rifles, also Ceylon Def Force, KAR, Roy Rhodesia Regt, N Rhodesia Regt, Roy W Africa Frontier Force, Hon Col: 4th/5th Bn Cameron Highrs (TA), Gen Danish Army, Hon Cmdg Gen Nepalese Army; RAF: Capt and Staff Offr 1918, S/Ldr 1919, W/Cdr 1920, G/Capt 1921, AM and ACM 1936, Marshal RAF 11 Dec 1936, Air Cdre-in-Ch ATC and RAF Regt; Hon LLD: Cantab 1922, Belfast 1924, Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide 1927, Glasgow 1932; DCL Oxon 1928, Protector U of Wales 1937, Hon MICE, Hon FRIBA, FRS, Bencher Inner Temple 1917 (Treas 1949), Master Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets 1937, High Steward Windsor 1936, Ranger Windsor Gt Pk and Er Bro Trin Ho 1937, Provincial Grand Master Middx 1924–36, Past Grand Master England 1937, Grand Master Mason Scotland 1936; married at Westminster Abbey 26 April 1923 Lady Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon, LG (1936), LT (1937), GCVO (1937), CI (1931), GBE (1927), Roy Victorian Chain (1937) (see QUEEN ELIZABETH THE QUEEN MOTHER), youngest daughter of 14th Earl of Stathmore and Kinghorne (qv), and died at Sandringham 6 Feb 1952 (buried at Windsor), leaving:

1b ELIZABETH II

2b Margaret Rose, CI (1947), GCVO (1953), Roy Victorian Chain (1990); born at Glamis Castle, Angus, 21 Aug 1930; Col-in-Ch: Light Dragoons, Roy Highland Fus (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regt), Princess Louise Fus, Highland Fus of Canada, QARANC; Dep Col-in-Ch Roy Anglian Regt; Hon Air Cdre RAF Coningsby; Pres: Scottish Children's League, Victoria League, Roy Nat Inst Blind, Roy Ballet, NSPCC, Roy Scottish Soc for Prevention Cruelty Children, Friends of the Elderly, Invalid Children's Aid Nationwide (Chm Cncl), English Folk Dance and Song Soc, Horder Centre for Arthritis, Guide Assoc; Hon Pres: Br Museum Devpt Tst, Jt-Pres Lowland Bde Club; Patron-in-Ch English Harbour Repair Fund; Patron: Assoc Anaesthetists GB and NI, Clarence House Restoration Fund, Friends of the Iveagh Bequest Kenwood, Light Infantry Club, London Lighthouse, Mustique Educnl Tst, Purine Research Lab, QARANC Assoc, Barristers' Benevolent Assoc, Bristol Roy Soc for the Blind, Guilds British and Internat Sailors' Soc, Ladies' Guild, Friends of Southwark Cathedral, Friends of St John's, Mary Hare GS for the Deaf, Nat Pony Soc, Princess Margaret Rose Hosp Edinburgh, Services Sound and Vision Corp, RCN, Nat Cncl Nurses UK, Princess Margaret Cancer Hosp Toronto, The Mathilda and Terence Kennedy Inst of Rheumatology, St Margaret's Chapel Guild Edinburgh Castle, Youth Clubs Scotland, Scottish Community Drama Assoc, Suffolk Regimental Assoc, Union of Schs for Social Serv, Architects' Benevolent Soc, Tenovus (Inst of Cancer Research), Migraine Tst, Zebra Tst, St Pancras Housing Assoc in Camden, Roy Caledonian Ball 1956–; Grand Pres St John Ambulance, Br Legn Womens' Section; Hon Memb: AA, Hallé Concerts Soc, Heart Disease and Diabetes Research Tst, Northern Ballet Theatre, Pottery and Glass Trades Benevolent Inst, Scottish Ballet, Roy Anglian Regtl Assoc, Sealyham Terrier Breeders' Assoc; Hon Memb and Patron Grand Antiquity Assoc Glasgow; Freeman: City London 1966, Haberdashers' Co 1966, Roy Borough Queensferry 1972; Hon Life Memb Century House Assoc (Br Columbia) and RAF Club; Hon Fell Roy Photographic Soc; CStJ; Grand Cross Order Netherlands Lion 1948; Order Brilliant Star Zanzibar 1st Cl 1956, Grand Cross Order Crown Belgium 1960, Order Crown Lion and Spear Toro Kingdom (Uganda) 1965, Order Precious Crown 1st Cl Japan 1971, Grand Cross Order Merit 1st Cl Fedl Republic Germany; Hon DMus London 1957; Hon LLD Cantab 1958; Hon DLitt Keele 1962; Hon LLD U of BC 1958; Hon FRIBA 1953; Hon FRSM 1957, Hon FRCS England 1963, Hon FRCOG 1966; Hon Life FZS; Master Bench Lincoln's Inn (Treas 1967); married at Westminster Abbey 6 May 1960 (marriage dissolved by divorce 5 July 1978) 1st Earl of Snowdon (qv), and died: 9 Feb 2002, having had:

1c + David Albert Charles, Viscount Linley [Viscount Linley, David Linley Furniture Ltd, 60 Pimlico Rd, London SW1W 8LP]; born at Clarence House 3 Nov 1961 (HM THE QUEEN stood sponsor); educated Bedales and John Makepiece Sch for Craftsmen in wood, Beaminster, Dorset; furniture designer, chm David Linley Furniture Ltd 1985– and David Linley Co 1985–, Commr and memb bd management Roy Commission for 1851 Exhibition 1998–, author: Classical Furniture (1993), Extraordinary Furniture (1993); married 8 Oct 1993 •Hon Serena Alleyne Stanhope, only daughter of Charles Henry Leicester, Viscount Petersham (see HARRINGTON, E)

1c + Sarah Frances Elizabeth; born 1 May 1964; educated Bedales and Roy Acad Sch; married 14 July 1994 •Daniel Chatto, younger son of Thomas and Rosalind Chatto, and has:

1d +Samuel David Benedict; born 28 July 1996

3a HENRY WILLIAM FREDERICK ALBERT WINDSOR, 1st Duke of Gloucester, so created 31 March 1928, as also BARON CULLODEN and EARL OF ULSTER (all UK), KG (1921), KT (1933), KP (1934), GMB (1942), GCMG (1935), GCVO (1922), PC (1925), Roy Victorian Chain 1932; born at York Cottage, Sandringham, 31 March 1900; educated Eton, RMC Sandhurst and Trin Coll Cambridge; joined KRRC 1920, tfd 10th Roy Hus (ret as Maj-Gen 1937), Hon Col Cambridge U OTC 1934, Col-in-Ch Glos Regt 1935, 10th Roy Hus, Roy Inniskilling Fus, Gordon Highrs, Australian Light Horse and Natal Mtd Rifles 1937, Col Scots Gds 1937, Hon Col Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps and Ceylon LI 1937, barrister and Bencher Gray's Inn 1926, Personal ADC to his f 1929–36, Govr and C-in-C Australia 1944–47, Pres: Victoria Hosp for Children 1936, Christ's Hosp, Bart's Hosp, Nat Assoc Boys' Clubs, NRA, Roy Humane Soc, Imp War Museum, Imp War Graves Commn, RVC, AVM RAF and Hon Capt RNVR 1937, Hon LLD Cantab 1930, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney 1934, High Steward King's Lynn and Windsor, Bailiff Grand Cross OStJ, Grand Pres League Mercy, Chm Cncl BRCS and King George's Jubilee Tst; married Buckingham Palace 6 Nov 1935 Lady Alice Christabel Montagu-Douglas-Scott, GCB, CI, GCVO, GBE, GCStJ [HRH Princess Alice Duchess of Gloucester GCB CI GCVO GBE, Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU], 3rd daughter of 7th Duke of Buccleuch and (9th Duke of) Queensberry (qv), and died at Barnwell Manor, Northants, 10 June 1974, having had:

1b William Henry Andrew Frederick; born 18 Dec 1941; educated Eton; died unmarried (killed in a plane crash) 28 Aug 1972.

2b RICHARD ALEXANDER WALTER GEORGE, 2nd and present Duke of Gloucester

4a GEORGE EDWARD ALEXANDER EDMUND WINDSOR, 1st Duke of Kent, so created 12 Oct 1934, as also BARON DOWNPATRICK and EARL OF ST ANDREWS (all UK), KG (1923), KT (1935), GCMG (1934), GCVO (1924), PC (1937), Roy Victorian Chain 1936; born at Sandringham 20 Dec 1902; RN: Lt 1926, Cdr 1934, Capt 1937, Personal ADC to his f, Col and Gp Capt RAF 1937, Maj-Gen, R-Adml, Hon Air Cdre No 500 (County of Kent) (Bomber) Sqdn RAuxAF 1938, Pres: London UCH 1928, St George's Hosp and NSPCC 1935, RCM and Br Sch Rome 1936, Overseas League 1937, Roy Commn for Exhibn of 1851; Hon Freeman: Cardiff 1932, Edinburgh, barrister and Bencher Lincoln's Inn 1932, Col-in-Ch Queen's Own Roy W Kent Regt and 1st City Regt Grahamstown 1935, Roy Fus 1937, Ld HC to Gen Assembly Ch Scotland, Chllr U of Wales 1937, Bailiff Grand Cross OStJ, Kt Order Chrysanthemum Japan, Grand Crosses Order Merit and Condor of the Andes Chile, Hon LLD Edinburgh 1929, Sheffield 1930, St Andrews 1936, Hon DCL Durham 1935, Fell and Memb Cncl King's Coll London, Patron The Complete Peerage; married at Westminster Abbey 29 Nov 1934 HRH PRINCESS MARINA, CI (1937), GCVO, GBE (1937), DGStJ (died at Kensington Palace 27 Aug 1968), youngest daughter of HRH PRINCE NICHOLAS OF GREECE AND DENMARK, and was k on active service in a plane crash 25 Aug 1942, leaving:

1b EDWARD GEORGE NICHOLAS PAUL PATRICK WINDSOR, 2nd and present Duke of Kent

2b • Michael George Charles Franklin, KCVO [His Royal Highness Prince Michael of Kent KCVO, Kensington Palace, London W8 4PU; born at Coppins, Iver, Bucks, 4 July 1942; educated Eton and RMA Sandhurst; commnd 11th Hus (PAO); Cdre RNR; memb HAC; Grand Master Lodge of Mark Master Masons; Cwlth Pres: Roy Life Saving Soc; Pres: RAC, Inst Motor Industry, SSAFA, Medical Commn Accident Prevention, Dogs' Home Battersea, Roy Patriotic Fund Corp, Nat Eye Research Centre, Kennel Club, Inst Road Safety Offrs, Soc Genealogists; Patron: Museum Army Flying, Veteran Car Club GB, Thames Rowing Club, Popular Flying Assoc, David Shepherd Conservation Fund, Carriage Fndn, Brooklands Museum Tst Appeal, Bermuda Maritime Museum; Fndr Prince Michael Road Safety Award Scheme; Fell: Inst Motor Industry, Roy Aeronautical Soc; Tstee Nat Motor Museum; Chm Advsy Bd House of Windsor; Hon Liveryman: Clothworkers', Leathersellers', Scientific Instrument Makers', Coachmakers' and Coach Harness Makers' Cos; married at Vienna 30 June 1978 •Marie-Christine Agnes Hedwig Ida, Patron Soc Women Artists, daughter of Baron Günther Hubertus von Reibnitz and formerly wife of Thomas Troubridge (see TROUBRIDGE, Bt), and has:

1c + Frederick Michael David Louis; born at St Mary's Hosp Paddington 6 April 1979.

1c + (Gabri)Ella Marina Alexandra Ophelia; born at St Mary's Hosp Paddington 23 April 1981.

1b + Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga Christabel, GCVO (1960) [HRH Princess Alexandra The Hon Lady Ogilvy GCVO, Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey TW10 5HP]; born at 3 Belgrave Square 25 Dec 1936; Chllr Lancaster U 1964–; Col-in-Ch: Queen's Own Rifles Canada 1960–, 17th/21st Lancers 1969–93, King's Own Roy Border Regt 1977–, Canadian Scottish Regt (Princess Mary's) 1977–; Dep Col-in-Ch: The Light Infantry 1968–, Queen's Roy Lancers 1993–; Dep Roy Hon Col King's Own Yorks Yeo (LI) 1996–; Dep Hon Col Roy Yeo 1975–; Hon Cmdt-Gen: Roy Hong Kong Police Force 1969–97, Roy Hong Kong Aux Police Force 1969–97; Hon Fell: Roy Faculty Physicians and Surgns Glasgow 1960 (Roy Coll Glasgow 1962–), Faculty of Anaesthetists (Roy Coll Anaesthetists 1992–), Roy Coll Surgns England 1967–, Roy Coll Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1969–; Hon Freedom City Lancaster 1987; Patron: Anchor, CARE, Cystic Fibrosis Tst, ENO, Fairbridge, Florence Nightingale Fndn, Guide Dogs for the Blind Assoc, MIND, PDSA, Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Serv 1966– (also Air Ch Cmdt), QARNNS, Queen Victoria Seamen's Rest, Ruskin Fndn, St Christopher's Hospice; Pres: Alexandra Rose Day, Br Sch Rome, Children's Country Holidays Fund, Friends of the V&A, Queen Alexandra's House Assoc, Roy Humane Soc, Roy Star and Garter Home for Disabled Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen, Sight Savers Internat, WWF for Nature UK; Dep-Pres BRC; Hon LLD: Qld U Australia 1959, Hong Kong 1961, Mauritius 1974; married at Westminster Abbey 24 April 1963 Hon Sir Angus James Bruce Ogilvy, KCVO, and has issue (see AIRLIE, E)

5a John Charles Francis; born at York Cottage 12 July 1905; died there unmarried 18 Jan 1919.

1a (Victoria Alexandra Alice) Mary, GBE (1927); born at York Cottage 25 April 1897; Col-in-Ch Roy Scots 1918, DGStJ, Ldy Grand Pres League Mercy, Cmdt in Ch BRC, Freedom Edinburgh 1930, Hon LLD Leeds and Sheffield, DCL Oxon; married at Westminster Abbey 28 Feb 1922 6th Earl of Harewood (qv) and died 28 March 1965, leaving issue.

Crown: A circle of gold, issuing therefrom four crosses patées and four fleurs-de-lys arranged alternately, from the crosses patées arise two golden arches ornamented with pearls, crossing at the top under a mound also gold, the whole enriched with precious stones. The cap is of crimson velvet, doubled ermine.

Royal Arms: Quarterly, 1st and 4th, gules three lions passant guardant in pale or (for ENGLAND); 2nd, or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory counterflory gules (for SCOTLAND); 3rd, azure a harp or stringed argent (for IRELAND), the whole encircled with the Garter.

Crests:
1. Upon the royal helmet the Royal crown proper, thereon statant guardant or a lion imperially crowned also proper (for ENGLAND),
2. On the Crown proper a lion sejant affronté gules crowned or, holding in the dexter paw a sword and in the sinister a sceptre erect also proper (for SCOTLAND),
3. On a wreath or and azure a tower triple- towered of the first, from the portal a hart springing argent, attired and hoofed gold (for IRELAND).

Supporters: Dexter, a lion rampant guardant or, crowned as the crest; sinister, a unicorn argent, armed, crined and unguled or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patées and fleurs-de-lys, a chain affixed thereto, passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back of the last.

Motto: Dieu et mon droit (‘God and my right').

Badges:
1. The red and white rose united, slipped and leaved proper (for ENGLAND),
2. A thistle, slipped and leaved proper (for SCOTLAND),
3. A shamrock leaf slipped vert, also a harp or stringed argent (for IRELAND),
4. The Rose of England, the Thistle of Scotland and the Shamrock of Ireland engrafted on the same stem proper, and an escutcheon charged as the Union Flag (for THE UNITED KINGDOM) (all the foregoing ensigned with the Royal Crown),
5. Upon a mount vert a dragon passant, wings elevated gules, and (Augmented Badge) within a circular riband argent fimbriated or, bearing the motto ‘Y Ddraig goch Ddyry Cychwyn' in letters vert and ensigned with a representation of the Crown proper, an escutcheon per fess argent and vert, thereon the Red Dragon passant (for WALES),
6. On a mount vert the Round Tower of Windsor Castle argent, mason sable, flying thereon the Royal Standard, the whole within two branches of oak fructed or and ensigned with the Royal Crown (for the Royal House of WINDSOR). In Scotland the Royal Arms depict the Lion of Scotland in the 1st and 4th quarters (as on the Great Seal of Scotland, Scottish official publications and the tabards of the Scottish Officers of Arms).

Seats:
1. Buckingham Palace, London SW1;
2. Windsor Castle, Berks;
3. Sandringham House, Norfolk;
4. Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire.

1. Before London had spread so far west the site of the present town residence of the Sovereign was Mulberry Garden, so called from an attempt by CHARLES I to breed silk worms, which feed on mulberries. Later in the 17th century the property came into the hands of Hugh Audley, Registrar of the Court of Wards and a notorious miser. He sold it around the 1680s to the 1st Earl of Arlington (see GRAFTON, D), who built a dwelling there known as Arlington House. In 1698 the house and its grounds were bought by the then Duke of Buckingham, John Sheffield (see SHEFFIELD, Bt), who put up a new house in brick and stone. For the subsequent history till 1761 of Buckingham House, as it was rechristened under Sheffield's ownership, see NORMANBY, M, preliminary remarks. On being bought at the beginning of his reign by GEORGE III, it became his and QUEEN CHARLOTTE's favourite residence, but it did not become the Sovereign's official London home till the accession of QUEEN VICTORIA.
In 1825, during the reign of GEORGE IV, and again under WILLIAM IV, Nash superintended its enlargement and embellishment. Buckingham Palace underwent further alterations in 1837, when QUEEN VICTORIA succeeded her uncle. The east front — the best known aspect by reason of its visibility from the Mall — was put up in 1850. Marble Arch, which till then had stood just outside this part of the Palace, was at the same time moved to its present position at the top of Park Lane. The east front was further remodelled by Sir Aston Webb in the early years of GEORGE V's reign. The result, though it must be one of the most recognisable facades in the world, has been widely criticised and indeed the people who have had to live in Buckingham Palace, namely the sovereigns from and including VICTORIA, together with their families, are said to have done so without much enthusiasm. Nash's work is still largely intact on the west side, however. The principal apartments of Buckingham Palace, which have been open to the public since the early 1990s, include some of the contents of that stately seaside pleasure dome Brighton Pavilion, GEORGE IV's best-known building project, removed just prior to its sale in the latter half of the 1840s and installed in the Chinese Dining Room.

2. The site of Windsor had been a royal possession even before the Conquest. WILLIAM I the year after Hastings chose the chalk hill which at that point overlooks the Thames Valley on which to build a motte, or mound, consisting of earth reinforced with wood, with two baileys, or enclosed courtyards, either side. One account has it that this was intended as no more than a hunting box. That seems implausible. Early-Norman Windsor was more probably one of a number of defending fortresses put up round London, from which it lay a long day's march. A little later, seemingly under HENRY I, Windsor was strengthened by being remodelled as a single keep on the summit. No more than 15 feet high, it was of the type called ‘shell', that is, a stone wall circumscribing the motte. It was in HENRY II's reign that a more durable castle, one predominantly in stone, first took shape, when the Round Tower, still the climax of the whole gigantic edifice today, was first erected as a 35-foot high inner defence surrounded by the earlier shell-keep wall. HENRY III made further additions, notably the Great Hall, which dates from the mid-1220s, the Great Kitchen of 1259 and the small chapel which till the completion of St George's Chapel was where the Garter Knights' services took place.
But it is with EDWARD III that Windsor Castle is probably most closely identified during the Middle Ages. It was he who founded St George's Chapel, though the building itself dates chiefly from EDWARD IV's reign nearly a century later, and constructed the Norman Gate and St George's Hall. His extensions to Windsor as a whole focused on the enclosed space east of the Round Tower called the Upper Ward, the higher of the two great open areas within the half-mile-long curtain wall. They are said to have cost £50,000 (well over £12m in late-1990s terms). EDWARD's most notable contribution at Windsor, however, was non-material, one might almost say spiritual, to wit his founding of the Order of the Garter, the procession of whose members in full robes down from the uppermost part of the Castle to a service in St George's each June is one of the most photographed events in the English pageantry year. Towards the end of his reign the Bishop of Winchester, William of Wykeham, oversaw the construction of more buildings east of the Round Tower, notably the one called after him the Winchester Tower. HENRY VIII added the northwest entrance from the town of Windsor through which the public is admitted.
Further substantial changes were carried out by CHARLES II, who used the architect Hugh May to refurbish the Upper Ward and Antonio Verrio and Grinling Gibbons to provide him with painted ceilings and wood carving respectively in the State Apartments, though these were destroyed by Sir Jeffry Wyatville to make way for his own embellishments in GEORGE IV's time. The latter, who filled the Castle with some of the furnishings from his town residence of Carlton House on its demolition, is responsible for the latest large-scale remodelling to date: Wyatville raised the level of the Round Tower by a further 30 feet and crenellated, machicolated and buttressed it. Such adornments were not the less massive for being militarily obsolete so that strengthening of the core became necessary. By the mid-1980s this had proved insufficient and serious movement was taking place. A programme of repairs from that time on, principally concerned with rewiring, however, eventually took in the whole of the Upper Ward and led indirectly to the disastrous 15-hour long fire of 1992, when a spotlight in the Private Chapel in contact with a curtain heated it to ignition point and caused the destruction of historic architecture and fabric, though luckily few works of art, at a rate which has been calculated as not far short of £40,000 a minute. An earlier fire in 1853 had led to restoration work by Anthony Salvin, notably of the Prince of Wales Tower. The repairs to the 1992 conflagration, which were broadly in the spirit of the original without being slavishly so, were more or less finished by the fifth anniversary of the catastrophe. They cost just under £37m, substantially more than EDWARD III had laid out admittedly, but from a far deeper public purse, for his expenditure had represented well over one and a half times a single year's government revenue.
Other interior rooms include the Waterloo Chamber, originally an inner courtyard which was roofed over in 1831, where the annual banquet celebrating Wellington's victory over NAPOLEON in 1815 was instituted every 18 June by GEORGE IV. The Sovereign's private dwelling quarters lie on the east and south flanks of the Upper Ward.

3. One of the PRINCE CONSORT's last actions before his death in late 1861 was to set in action the buying of the 7,000-acre Sandringham estate in Norfolk, using surplus funds accumulated from his thrifty management of the Duchy of Cornwall estates ever since marrying QUEEN VICTORIA. (He nearly quintupled its income, from £11,000 a year [under £450,000 p.a. in late-1990s terms] to £50,000 a year [something over £2m p.a. in late-1990s terms].) The place had belonged to a family called Cobbe (see WALPOLE, B) between the early 16th century and JAMES II's reign, being then sold to another family called Hoste, from whom it was inherited by yet a third family called Henley. In 1836 it was bought from the latter owners by John Motteux, an eccentric bachelor with a passion for fruit tree cultivation, who left it to Charles Cowper, a younger son of the 5th Earl Cowper (see LUCAS OF CRUDWELL, B). Cowper was also nephew to Lord Melbourne and became a stepson to Lord Palmerston (see TEMPLE OF STOWE, E) so that the property could well have been known to the Royal Family by reason of its owner's close association with two of QUEEN VICTORIA's most distinguished Prime Ministers. The house at this point was a late-18th-century affair facing east-west, with two principal floors surmounted by an attic storey. Cowper can have had no immediate plans to sell since he commissioned Samuel Sanders Teulon, an architect who worked extensively elsewhere in East Anglia, to tack a porch onto the east front and add a conservatory. Later he married his mistress, Lady Harriet d'Orsay, Count Alfred d'Orsay's widow, and was obliged by the stuffy attitude of his Norfolk neighbours to leave the county.

Though it was the PRINCE CONSORT's flair for business that had m ade the purchase possible, the intended beneficiary was the then PRINCE OF WALES, later EDWARD VII. Sandringham must already have been quite large since it had seven bays on the west front, including a bay window in the centre, and one of five bays augmented by wings either side on the east front — substantially larger, for instance, than Highgrove, which has been found perfectly adequate by the current PRINCE OF WALES (qv). But it proved far too small for the future EDWARD VII, whose expansive habits included not just the personal ones of gourmandise but a social life that involved hosting large-scale house parties. On taking possession he therefore knocked the whole thing down, bar the conservatory, which he had converted to a billiard room, and commissioned A J Humbert to erect a completely new and very large mansion in brick enlivened with dressings of Ketton stone in vaguely Tudor Revival style. The extravagant scale of this rebuilding threw the PRINCE OF WALES's finances back into the same sort of embarrassment from which the PRINCE CONSORT had rescued the family's affairs in the first place. The new house was completed in 1871, though a ballroom was added in 1883 and, following a fire in 1891, a two-storey section was capped by a third, both projects to the designs of Sir Robert Edis. Thus swollen, Sandringham was said to have about as many rooms as there are days in the year and in the 1970s was partly demolished to give a more manageable house of something like two-thirds that number.
In the 20th century it has tended to be the favourite home not of the Heir Apparent but of the Sovereign himself, whether GEORGE V or GEORGE VI, both of whom died there. Doubtless much of its attraction is the shooting, developed by EDWARD VII into one of the finest for pheasant in all England, but so too has its relative tranquillity as first Buckingham Palace then, in the present reign, Windsor have become too stifled by the spread of Greater London and increasingly subject to nuisances such as overflying aircraft.

4. Balmoral is largely the work of the PRINCE CONSORT himself, working, albeit loosely, in the idiom that became famous as Scottish Baronial (though Balmoral is a generation later than the pioneering work in that idiom) with the help of William Smith, an Aberdonian architect little known outside the district, his very obscurity allowing his employer to impose his own ideas. The estate, currently of some 30,000 acres, had once belonged to the GORDONs of Deeside, then to the FARQUHARSONs and finally to the Earls of Fife (see FIFE, D), from the 4th of whom the PRINCE CONSORT bought it in 1852. The new house was finished by 1856. It became the favourite northern haunt of its designer's relict, QUEEN VICTORIA herself, and is still a favourite with the Royal Family, particularly the PRINCE OF WALES, who use it mostly during the late summer/early autumn break.